Table 1 List of original MR-based methods evaluated on clinical PET data

Zaidi et al. [109]*

Segmentation of T₁ images by means of fuzzy clustering into air, skull, brain tissue and nasal sinuses

10 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG)

Brain

 ~ 4.2 (cerebellum)

N/A

Keereman et al. [90]

R₂ maps derived from UTE sequence to perform three tissue classification (bone, soft tissue and air)

5 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG)

Brain

5 ^□

N/A

Cabello et al. [61]

R₂ maps derived from Dual-echo ultra-short time (dUTE) sequence to estimate μ-map

9 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG)

Brain

−0.87 ± 2.1

Dixon: −14.8

UTE: −13.5

Juttukonda et al. [81]

Use of dUTE and 2-point Dixon to segment air, bone with continuous μ values, fat and soft tissue (CAR-RiDR)

98 ([¹⁸F]Florbetapir)

Brain

2.55 ± 0.86 ^^□

N/A

An et al. [116]

Two-phase level-set segmentation applied on the intermediate dUTE images to identify air, bone and soft tissue

10 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG),

20 ([¹⁸F]FP-CIT)

Brain

9 for 2-[¹⁸F]FDG,

4 for ¹⁸F[FP-CIT] (cerebellum)

UTE: −35

UTE: 14

Ladefoged et al. [92]

UTE sequence to segment air, bone and brain volume and MNI template to segment CSF regions (RESOLUTE)

164 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG)

Brain

−1.2

Dixon: ~ −12.5

UTE: ~ −7.5

Hu et al. [117]

Segmentation of a 3D multi-station spoiled gradient echo sequence into air, lungs, soft tissue, and bone regions using intensity and a-priori knowledge of the organ anatomy

15 (N.A)

Whole body

−7.6 ± 7.5 (bone lesions)

−4.4 ± 3.8 (lung lesions)

−6.4 ± 10.2 (heart)^

N/A

Schulz et al. [86]

Segmentation of T₁ images to air, lung and soft tissue

15 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG)

Whole body

6.9 ± 9.5 (Soft tissue lesions),3.0 ± 3.9 (bone lesions), 1.9 ± 5.8 (lung lesions) ^▪

N/A

Marshall et al. [37]

Segmentation of a Turbo-FLASH sequence to air, lung, fat and soft tissue and addition of bone from information from a CT atlas

12 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG)

Whole body

1.3 ± 0.9 (bone)

8.0 ± 2.9 (lung)

2.6 ± 0.4 (soft tissue) ^

N/A

Paulus et al. [30]

Addition of bone in Dixon images using a bone atlas (SEGBONE)

20 (N.A)

Whole body

−4.9 ± 6.7 (bone)

2.9 ± 5.8 (bone lesions)^

Dixon: −46.5 ± 6.7

Dixon: 7.3 ± 5.1^

Leynes et al. [82]

Combination of 2-point Dixon and ZTE sequence to segment air, bone with continuous μ values, fat and soft tissue

6 (2-[¹⁸F]FDG)

Whole body

−3.2 ± 0.8 (bone)

−3.5 ± 1.7 (bone lesions)^

Dixon: −10.8 ± 2.2

Dixon: −7.7 ± 0.8^