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Table 6 Summary of phantom studies with hot spheres for 90Y, for several PET/CT and PET/MR systems, SBR and ACref

From: Yttrium-90 quantitative phantom study using digital photon counting PET

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Spheres phantom set

  

SBR

ACref

Contrast

Activity

Dose

Optim.

   

(MBq mL −1)

   

(Variable parameters)

Werner et al. [49]

Biograph Hi-Rez 16

N/A

3.6

-

x

-

-

Van Elmbt et al. [50]

Gemini TF

      
 

Gemini Power 16

3:1

1.3

-

x

-

-

 

Ecat Exact HR+

      

Bagni et al. [51]

Discovery ST

10:1

1.92

-

x

-

-

D’Arienzo et al. [52]

       

Willowson et al. [36]

Biograph mCT-S(64)

8:1

3.9

x

x

-

OSEM

       

(i1, i2, i3,

       

s14, s21, s24)

Elschot et al. [53]

Biograph mCT

1:0

2.4

x

-

x

-

  

9:1

     

Carlier et al. [23]

Biograph mCT 40

40:1

8.1

-

x

-

OSEM

       

(i1, i3)

Attarwala et al. [54]

Biograph mCT 40

8:1

2.38

-

x

-

OSEM

       

(i1 to i12)

Martí-Climent et al. [55]

Biograph mCT-TrueV

5:1

1

x

-

-

OSEM

       

(i1, i2, i3,

       

2mm, 4mm, 6mm)

Pasciak et al. [37]

Biograph mCT Flow

3:1

2.2

-

-

x

PSF at FWHM (mm)

       

(2 to 12)

Willowson et al. [45]

Various ∗

8:1

N/A

-

x

-

-

(The QUEST study)

       

Strydhorst et al. [56]

Biograph mCT

8:1

N/A

x

-

-

-

D’Arienzo et al. [57]

Discovery ST

8:1

2.28

-

x

x

-

Siman et al. [38]

Discovery 690

4:1

1.6

-

x

x

OSEM

  

13:1

4.8

   

(i1 to i12,

       

0mm, 2.6mm, 5.2mm, 7.8mm, 10.4mm)

Maughan et al. [59]

Biograph mMR ∗∗

8:1

N/A

-

x

-

-

(The MR-QUEST study)

       

Scott and McGowan [60]

Discovery 710

8:1

N/A

x

x

-

PL

Rowley et al. [58]

Discovery 710

8:1

3.3

x

-

-

PL

Seo et al. [61]

SIGNA (PET/MR)

4:1

N/A

x

-

-

-

Hou et al. [62]

Discovery 690

7.5:1

2.45

x

x

x

PL

The present study

Vereos DPC

9:1

2.25

-

x

x

OSEM

       

(i1, i2, i3,

       

s10, s20, s30,

       

0mm, 2mm, 4mm, 6mm, 8mm

       

5, 10, 15 min/bed)

  1. The four last columns to the right summarise the type of evaluation done in the different studies. Contrast: Qualitative evaluation using definitions such as in the NEMA NU-2 standards for image quality. Activity: Quantitative evaluation either based on activity or RCAC estimates. Dose: Quantitative evaluation based on RCDose or DVH estimates. Optim: Studies which aimed at varying reconstruction parameters to find optimised reconstruction parameters. Only variable parameters for OSEM reconstructions with ToF are reported
  2. ∗The QUEST phantom study including 69 PET/CT systems (GE, Siemens, Philips)
  3. ∗∗ The MR-QUEST phantom study including 8 PET/MR systems (Siemens)