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Table 1 CTR achieved with Broadcom NUV-MT SiPMs and the HF readout circuit and different back-end electronics at optimum bias settings and trigger threshold settings

From: 16-channel SiPM high-frequency readout with time-over-threshold discrimination for ultrafast time-of-flight applications

Standard HF or TOFPET2 readout

Crystal material and size

No. of channels

CTR\(_\textsf{osci}\) (FWHM) / ps

CTR \(_\textsf{TOFPET2}\) (FWHM) / ps

TAC LYSO:Ce,Ca

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1

58 ± 1

128 ± 2

3\(\times\)3\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

1

95 ± 2 [3]

157 ± 1 [3]

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1 of 16‡

n.a.

120 ± 1

3.88\(\times\)3.88\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

16

n.a.

219 ± 24

EPIC BGO

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1

117\(^{\circ }\)

480

  

101 (57 %) / 285 (43 %)

342 (30 %) / 921 (70 %)

16-channel HF readout including TOT discrimination

Crystal material and size

No. of channels

TLV3801 thr. / mV

(single SPAD amplitude \(\approx\) 10 mV)

CTR\(_\textsf{osci}\) (FWHM) / ps

CTR\(_\mathsf {TOFPET2+HF}\) (FWHM) / ps

TAC LYSO:Ce,Ca

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1

20

70 ± 1

n.a.

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1

40

70 ± 1

118 ± 6

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1

90

78 ± 1

121 ± 6

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1

200

90 ± 1

126 ± 6

3\(\times\)3\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

1

40

n.a.

161 ± 3

3\(\times\)3\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

1

90

n.a.

165 ± 3

3\(\times\)3\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

1

200

n.a.

182 ± 2

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1 of 16‡

40*

79 ± 3

175 ± 5

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1 of 16‡

40†

n.a.

131 ± 2

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1 of 16‡

90†

n.a.

134 ± 2

3.88\(\times\)3.88\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

1 of 16‡

40*

137 ± 2

n.a.

3.88\(\times\)3.88\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

16

40*

173 ± 4x

242 ± 27xx

3.88\(\times\)3.88\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

16

40†

n.a.

223 ± 17xx

3.88\(\times\)3.88\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

16

90†

n.a.

235 ± 16xx

3.88\(\times\)3.88\(\times\)19 mm\(^{3}\)

16

90

n.a.

240 ± 14xx

EPIC BGO

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1

50

 

542

447 (33 %) / 939 (67 %)

2\(\times\)2\(\times\)3 mm\(^{3}\)

1 of 16‡

40*

359

n.a.

  1. The errors given estimate the statistical error on results from single-channel measurements following a \(\chi ^2\)-distribution. The value and error stated for multi-channel configurations report the mean and standard deviation of the mean, computed from the CTR of the individual channels
  2. \({}^{\circ }\) This value improves to 109 ps (94 ps (56 %) / 266 (44 %)) if applying a timewalk correction
  3. \({}^{*}\) Evaluated on the timing channels only, i.e., the energy spectrum contained the TOT of the TLV3801 pulse (TOFPET2 ASIC operated in QDC mode)
  4. ‡ All 16 SiPMs bias, but only one of them coupled to a scintillator
  5. † Adapted board version with a low pass implemented in the signal paths of the energy channels (C=100 nF, R=100 \(\Omega\)) and a decoupling capacitor (C=270 pF) in the timing branch replacing the PZ filter
  6. \(^\text {x}\) Value evaluated on one channel only
  7. \(^\text {xx}\) Value and error stated report the mean and standard deviation computed from the CTR of the individual channels